A T-shirt Epic Essay

Pietra Rivolis yummy narrative, The Travels of A T-Shirt in the Global Economy, goes about a strike journey around the globular village to discover an entangled net of economic and political forces that move this piece of clothing around.The al-Quran is discriminate into four parts of a t-shirts life. Part atomic number 53 of the book deals with the cotton industry. Rivolis own surprise at accomplishment that the cotton used for her shirt comes from Texas opens up this chapter on the continuing ascendence of the American cotton industry. The book then continues to explain the reasons for thesea office from governing subsidies, the larger part of Americas continuing competitive returns is its virtuous cycle of governance. In the United States, the farms work, the market works, the government works, the comprehension works, and the universities work. (Rivoli 7).The second part of the book is about the cloth industrys so called race to the git. Industrialization is ushered in by the cloth industry, and Rivoli gives examples from 19th b impression England to the Asian economic powerhouses Japan, South Korea and Hong Kong in the twentieth century. The third part is about the complexity of getting a cloth import into the United States, with all the confusing legislation brought about by decades of political control held by textile manufacturers in America. In the terminal part of the book, Rivoli examines the global market for used t-shirts, which she concedes is the final place where markets real determine its origin and destination.Free Trade or Protectionism The author is non making an argument for either protectionism or free wad. Obviously, as a trained economist, Rivoli favors free foxiness, as do all her colleagues in an almost unanimous voice. However, the book does not argue for either side, and instead illustrates that both(prenominal) sides of this policy divide unwittingly spur economic development.Free care policies encourage mor e races to the bottom as work shifts to number one address countries however protectionist policies also contribute to another type of race. In the affair for quota imports to the United States, for example, investment has flowed into aras where in that location is less restriction on trade with the worlds largest consumer of textiles and app arel.In the modern-day case with mainland China, the relatively low quota limits that China has for its exports to the US before the expiration of the Multifiber Agreement (MFA) (Rivoli 121) has encouraged investments in other developing countries like Pakistan, Bangladesh and even Sub-Saharan Africa. As the book notes, the exclusion of one creates opportunities for another, and the humble textile industry is the first pure tone towards industrialisation for many developing nations. As Rivoli further notes, when the MFA was scheduled to be taken down, a lot of other developing countries were scared of China eating everyones share of the textile pie. It represents one of the few actually plausible pro-protectionist arguments in the book, which are not really argued for but scantily explained.The role of governance in international tradeIts a given fact that politicians will listen more often that not to their constituents first instead of to common sense. Unfortunate as it may be, politics more often than not counter the market forces that power the global race to the bottom. Rivoli puts it as While the market forces powering the race to the bottom are strong, the political forces pushing back against the markets are strong as well, particularly in the United States. (Rivoli 115)This clash between the two has made importation of textiles a very complicated business in the United States, and changes the smell of international trade with it. If an item cannot be imported from China, it is imported from Mexico instead, well-favored an artificial advantage to some countries that will not be there if market forces were solely in control. The decisions that politicians like congressmen and senators in Washington discombobulate often influence the very futures of some countries in the world.Rivoli characterizes American industries that are aging as trying to escape market forces by clinging on to their political supports. Instead of a paradise of no intervention and gross(a) competition, what happens is that more often politics exert a big temporary force that tilts the equation over completely.Another example was 18th century England, where to no avail Parliament tried to pass acts that would protect their interior(prenominal) wool producers. Instead of having the intended consequences (i.e. eliminating imported cotton), it just pushed international trade to adapt to the circumstances.The race to the bottom phrase used so some(prenominal) in the book is one of the most intriguing ideas of Rivoli. Basically it says that the textile industry, like all industries is governed by market force s. On the supply side, producers seek more and more productivity for lower costsa answer that sparked the original Industrial novelty. However, as wages go up along with production costs, producers are keen on reducing costs and preserving low prices with huge markets. These trends doom an industrial countrys textile production after it becomes less competitive than another aspiring country who is not the loss leader in the bottom of production costs.The fire of the Industrial Revolution spread to the United States, and then in the last century to Asia, where during the old twenty or so years China has held the spot as top in this ubiquitous race to the bottom.The other side of the argumentthose activists who bring about higher minimum wages and weaken labor standards, hasten the fall of a country from the race to the bottom, but at the same time also hasten industrialization and the development of other more value-added industries. It also discombobulates another country lea der of the race to the bottom, ready to start the cycle all over again.This memorial repeats itself phenomenonfrom Britain to Taiwan leaves the reader enthusiastic of the future, and of how economics will eventually make all the people of the world feel a little instant better.R E F E R E N C ERivoli, Pietra. The Travels of a T-Shirt in the Global Economy. in the altogether Jersey Wiley, 2005.