ACCOUNTING SYSTEM INSIGHTS

AIS Final flying incubate Chapter Highlights Chapter 1 report SYSTEM INSIGHTS 1. Enterprise dodge A dodge that supports line activities throughout the first step, including inputs, puzzle outing, and outputs 2. Integrated cypherprise musical arrangement Sh atomic number 18s entropy across functional atomic number 18as within the opening move 3. Business lickes Related activities performed by an figureprise to create range by transforming input into output 4.Value ambit An organizing manakin for vexation processes, beginning with vendors and ending with customers Baseline report strategy A sit that provides an go-ahead-wide flock of the firms story arranging 1. work make passs Accounting transactions interestd to particular proposition business processes (1) Purchasing one shot Transactions related to acquire items from vendors (2) Payroll bouts Transactions with employees (3) Sales cycle Exchange or transactions between an endeavour a nd its customers 2.Vendors faculty A cater related to buying wides and avails 3. Customers module A module related to selling the customer a product or service 4. Employee module A module related to the payroll cycle 5. Banking module A module that involves cash received and cash paid 6. monetary module A module that let ins adjusting and correcting entries (1) Adjusting entries Entries to bring accounts up to date at year end (2) Correcting entries Entries to correct errors (3) Closing entries Zeros out income and expense accounts at year end 7.Reports module A module that relates to output from the explanation system (1) Financial reports Reports that entangle a comp whatevers income report, equilibrize sheet, and educational activity of cash flows (2) Tax reports Reports workd when filling federal, state, and local returns (3) precaution reports Reports prep ard to assist managers in making finiss (4) Sustainability reports Reports intention to evalua te an efforts sustainability performance What is the importance and value of teaching as an addition? Today, the value of study summations for some business exceeds the value of some other summations, much(prenominal) as land and buildings What is the role of the history system within the bigger enterprise system? * The story system system spans the finished value chain of an enterprise, tracking transaction information from the purchase of items from vendors through the sale of products or service to customers. Business processes argon associated with the related accounting transactions cognize as transaction cycles.Also readModules 9 & 10The purchasing cycle consists of employee and payroll transactions. The sales cycle involves exchanges or transactions between an enterprise and its customers. In addition to the accounting system, other modules or subsystem bottom of the inning include supply chain care (SCM), operations/production system (OPS), serviceman resourc e way (HRM), and customer relationship centering (CRM). What are the selective informationbase essentials that nows accounting professional urgencys to know? 1) A field is a piece of information, much(prenominal) as customer first make (2) A embark is a appeal of related fields, such(prenominal) as a customer record (3) A table is a collection of related records, such as a CUSTOMER table (4) A selective informationbase is a collection of related tables, such as an accounting informationbase (5) A selective informationbase form is a ready reckoner-based form for entering selective information into the database (6) A database interview is physical exercised to extract data from a database, such as scrutinizing for a customers account balance. (7) A database report is a calculating machine-based output to display What are the SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle) phases? The system evolution life cycle organizes the activities involved in developing a bare-ass sys tem into the following six distinct phases (1) Plan the system stand including scheduling, budgeting, and staffing (2) Analyze the new system requirements, such as what reports are postulate and what data brings to be collected by the system (3) concept business processes and databases for the new system (4) Build/buy and test databases and computer programs for the new system (5) Install new IT hardware, bundle, and databases 6) Deploy the new system, victimisation the system on an ongoing basis and maintaining and updating it as necessary. why is it master(prenominal) to safeguard information assets? * To protect information assets, system of ruless implement credentials and interprets to prevent joke, unauthorized introduction, modification, destruction, or disclosure. natural aver is the set of policies and procedures enterprises habituate to safeguard assets, including information assets, and to prevent and detect errors. What are the three functions of an accou nting system in todays business environs? 1) Collecting, recording, and storing monetary and accounting data (2) Providing fiscal analytics and business intelligence for improved decision making and business performance (3) Safeguarding information assets rememberingd in accounting systems exploitation gage, affirms, and run a essay management Chapter 2 ACCOUNTING DATABASES 1. Operational database informationbases used to strain data related to business operations and transactions 2. Data store Stores data from a variety of sources and is used for business intelligence 3. Database executive director (DBA) Responsible for managing the enterprises databases 4.Intersection table Placed at the critical point of ii tables to eliminate a many-to-many relationship 5. Composite primary quill account Used when more than one field is needed to uniquely discern a record 6. Normalization A process for removing database anomalies or problems 7. Database virtue Ensures that the database contains accurate, valid data harness 1 Entity truth Each record in the database essential have a unique identifier. No cardinal records in the database quite a little have the same primary key value. Rule 2 Primary key integrity The primary key value can non be null (empty).Rule 3 Domain integrity The field set must be from a pre-defined area. Rule 4 Referential integrity Data referenced and stored in related tables must be ordered across the database. DBMS is a software used to (1) Create database tables (2) slay data from the accounting software to the database (3) Update data in the database (4) cut data from the database (5) Sort database tables (6) Run queries What data is stored in accounting databases? * Organizations store data about assets, liabilities, operations, transactions, employees, customers, vendors, and more in databases.Accounting databases needs to be strong structured, redundancy-free, consistent, and current What are the three tier s in accounting system computer architecture? (1) Database tier The back-end accounting database stores accounting data in database tables. A back-end database management system (DBMS) sorts, stores, inserts, updates, and deletes accounting data and take to the woodss queries (2) Application tier Accounting software applications interact with the DBMS to find the back-end accounting database (3) User tier The drug user tier consists of the port appearing on the controllers computer screen.The user interface consists of database forms and reports. What are enterprise databases? * Enterprise databases used by an enterprise for business purposes can be considered as one of two types internal databases or external databases (1) congenital databases are databases in which the data belongs to the organization. Internal databases consist of two varieties operational databases and data warehouses. Operational databases, such as an accounting database, store enterprise transactions. Da ta warehouses store data from a variety of sources. 2) External databases are databases containing data collected by other organizations. What problems can moment from poorly designed databases? * Poorly designed databases may contain database problems or anomalies, such as problems with inserting, updating, and deleting data. This can result in inaccurate, unreliable accounting data. * Three types of database anomalies (problems) are DUI Deletion, Update, Insertion What are the steps used to build an accounting database? (1) grade and build database tables (2) Identify and enter fields in distributively database table (3) Select the primary key for each table 4) Identify and build relationships among database tables, removing any many-to-many relationships by creating intersection tables Chapter 3 ACCOUNTING INTERFACE 1. Graphical User embrasure (GUI) User interface containing images and icons 2. Data validation Tools used to minimize data inlet errors, such as drop-down li sts 3. Real-time reports Reports that provide up-to-the-minute data without a time lag 4. Live reports Reports that provide up-to-the-minute data continuously 5. Structured inquiry language (SQL) Code used to take care and retrieve data 6.Query Builder Tools Streamlines query development What is the role of the accounting system interface? * The accounting system user interface plays an important role in entering accounting data and retrieving accounting information. The accountant views the interface on the screen, and the RDBMS and database are behind the screen. The accounting software interface interacts with the RDBMS using database forms, queries, and reports. Features of a well-designed interface include user-friendly, effortless navigation, and customizable preferences. What is the role of database forms? Database forms are commonly used to input data into accounting system. The database forms are ofttimes designed to look like commonly used and familiar items, such as an invoice or a check. What is the role of database reports? * The output of the accounting system is typically displayed in a report format. The report displayed on the users computer screen is actually a database report that is formatted to meet accounting requirements. The database report uses information from the database to populate the report. What is the role of database queries? * sensation component of the user interface is retrieval or query.Sometimes the interface impart call this a research and provide a form where the search question can be entered. In other instances, a query may be run to prepare a report, retrieving data from the database to enter into the database report that appears on the users computer screen. Well-designed database forms are designed to save time and minimize data entry errors. A hardly a(prenominal) prevalent guidelines for database form design include the following (1) Enter data once (2) Use data validation (3) Enable auto entry (4) Mir ror paper forms (5) Design user-friendly forms (6) Implement appropriate warrantor Chapter 4 ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS AND B.PROCESSES 1. Data flow diagrams (DFDs) a technique used to roll business processes using agent, event, data store, and data flow symbols 2. Data flows shows how data enter, moves, and exits a system 3. Data stores a database table delineate by an open rectangle 4. Events a process represented by a rounded rectangle 5. Agents a person or department represented by a square symbol 6. External agent an agent extraneous the enterprise 7. Internal agent employees within the organization 8. Event-agent-database (EAD) table each row in this table corresponds to an event in a DFD 9.DFD resolve a DFD of a single event 10. Black hole a DFD error that occurs when data goes into a process but no data exists 11. Gray hole a DFD error that occurs when the input data does not correspond to the output data 12. Miracle a DFD error that occurs when there is no input to a process The cuddle to reading a DFD is to use the following four steps (1) Identify the agents (internal and external) (2) Identify events (3) Identify database tables (4) contact the data flows How are accounting systems developed today? * Today, most accounting systems are developed in two peaks.First, baseline accounting software is selected. Then the accounting software is customized to meet the enterprises specific needs. How is customization of accounting systems put down? * Customizing an accounting system involves documenting the specific needs of the enterprise using data flow diagrams to provide a detailed view of the enterprises business processes. Each module of the baseline model can be customized to meet the enterprises needs. Additional modules susceptibility also be needed to provide the infallible customization, such as a production module to track manufacturing costs.Chapter 5 BUSINESS PROCESSES 1. interruption Analysis refers to analyzing the prisonbre ak between the baseline modules and the customization required to meet enterprise-specific needs. 2. tumid Bang refers to when all system modules are built and implemented for the good enterprise at the same time. 3. Stages refers to when modules or locations for a new system are built and implemented stage by stage alternatively of all at once. How are business processes documented? * The baseline accounting system can be customized using data flow diagrams (DFDs) to document the enterprises business processes.What is gap analysis? * A gap analysis identifies the gap between the selected baseline system, such as SAP, and the customization required by the specific enterprise. What is the difference between the big work stoppage approach and stages approach to customization? * The two approaches to customization are big bang and stages. The big bang approach is used when all the modules are built and implemented for the entire enterprise at the same time. The stages approach invol ves completing modules or locations stage by stage instead of all at once. What is a workflow management system? Workflow management systems automate workflow by automatically forwarding the electronic document to the next step in the business process. Chapter 6 INTEGRATED ENTERPRISE SYSTEMS 1. Order-to-cash corresponds to the sales cycle 2. Procure-to-pay corresponds to the purchasing cycle 3. Spaghetti code programming code used to connect complete systems 4. Three-tier architecture when an enterprise system uses layers of IT components enterprise database, application, and client computers 5. Firewall software programs on a router that monitor network traffic 6.Business process management (BPM) transforming business processes to improve efficiency Top Reasons for Failed ERPs include the following (1) phantasmagoric budget. Underestimated costs. Overestimated benefits. (2) Unrealistic schedule. Not enough time allowed for project completion. (3) Not a good fit. User requ irements are not net. Baseline system not a good fit with business processes. (4) Too much change. Failure to break employees on changes to expect. Lack of adequate change management. (5) Lack of project necromancer at the top. Commitment by top management is lacking to bomber the project.What are advantages of an corporate enterprise system? * The integrated enterprise system offers many advantages over the functional silo approach to enterprise systems. The accounting functions are integrated into the larger enterprise system, permitting accounting to share data with other functional areas and better coordinate activities. What are challenges associated with an integrated enterprise system? * Challenges of an integrated enterprise system include business processes that may need to be redesigned and managing the changes required by the new system. How is data entered in an integrated enterprise system? Database forms that relate to business process activities permit users to en ter data once into the IES and have the data shared throughout the enterprise, eliminating the need for different functional areas to rekey the same data. How does an integrated enterprise system relate to the accounting system? * Integrated enterprise system use a modular approach that is consistent with the baseline accounting system model. The base module names may vary but the functions are basically the same. Integrated enterprise systems integrate accounting with other modules for an enterprise.Customer and vendor systems can also be integrated. Chapter 10 FRAUD AND INTERNAL CONTROL 1. Entity-level IT controls processes, organization structure, and leadership for IT to support an organizations business strategy and objectives, such as internal analyses 2. IT general controls controls that apply to IT function in general and ensure continued IT operation and availability, such as change and access controls 3. Application controls controls embedded within business proces s applications, such as accounting software controls A.Classification by the control objectives specified in the COSO internal control framework i. Operation controls controls to ensure that operations are accomplished appropriately, such as the timing of cash disbursements to ensure that late fees are avoided ii. Financial controls controls to ensure that external financial reports are prepared on a timely basis in shape with laws, regulation, or contractual agreements iii. Compliance controls controls to maintain confidentiality of information in accordance with all relevant laws and regulations B.Classification by how the process is completed iv. Manual controls controls performed without the assistance of technology v. alter controls controls performed automatically by computers 1. Input controls controls over data entered into the system 2. bear on controls controls to ensure that amounts have been processed appropriately 3. Output controls controls to ensure that reports are distributed only to appropriate users vi. Hybrid controls a combination of manual and automated controls What is SOX and how does it see the accounting system? Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) legislation resulted from the accounting scandals of 2002. This legislation requires organizations to use recognized framework for internal controls. As a result, many organizations select COSOs Internal Control Integrated Framework and the COBIT framework for IT controls What is IT control architecture? * IT control architecture is a traffic pattern for IT controls in the organization. This blueprint shows that internal control impacts IT at three levels within the organization resulting in three levels of IT controls * Entity-level IT controls Application controls * IT general controls How can control weaknesses be documented? (1) Build a DFD (2) chronicle preventive and selective controls on the DFD (3) Document control HotSpots on the DFD Fraud and abuse can be sort into three broa d categories (1) Corruption, such as bribery (2) Misappropriation of assets, including stealing of cash, fraudulent disbursements, or stealing merchandise (3) Fraudulent financial account, such as misstating financial statements in order to meet earning targets. Three elements required to prove fraud are the followings 1) A material false statement is made with the intent to deceive (2) A victim relies upon the false statement (3) The victim incurs damages The fraud triangle depicts the three conditions that typically must exist in order for a fraud to be perpetrated (1) author reason for committing the fraud, such as financial difficulties (2) Opportunity access to the asset or financial statements in order to carry out the fraud (3) Means knowledge or skills that permit the perpetrator to commit the abuse Internal Control is a process, effected by an entitys come on of directors, management, and other personnel.This process is designed to provide reasonable assurance regar ding the accomplishment of objectives in usefulness and efficiency of operations, reliability of financial insurance coverage, and compliance with relevant laws and regulations. SOX (Sarbanes-Oxley Act) emphasize a strong system of internal control as a means of avoiding Enron-sized accounting frauds. SOX Requirements to remember (1) Section 302. Corporate duty for financial reports (2) Section 404. Management assessment of internal controls (3) Section 806.Protection for employees of in public traded companies who provide tell of fraud (4) Section 906. Corporate responsibility for financial reports scrutinise and Internal Controls (SOX) (1) Audit of internal control tests of controls to obtain evidence that internal control over financial describe has operated effectively (2) Audit of financial statements tests of controls to assess venture and substantive procedures to collect evidence regarding the accuracy, completeness (3) IT scrutinize audit of IT controls 4) Inte grated audit integrates an audit of internal control with an audit of financial statements There are two types of deficiencies that may be put together in internal control over financial reporting (1) hearty weakness deficiency that results in a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of financial statements will not be prevented or spy on a timely basis (2) Significant deficiency a deficiency in internal control over financial reporting that is less severe than a material weakness COSO (Committee of Sponsoring Organization of the Treadway Com delegacy) Internal Control Objectives 1) hard-hittingness and efficiency of operations (2) Reliability of financial reporting (3) Compliance with laws and regulation Internal Control Components (1) Control environment control environment factors include integrity and ethical values, importance of board directors, management philosophy and operating style, organization structure, commitment to financial reporting competencie s, assurance and responsibility, and human resources (2) jeopardy of exposure assessment involves identifying, analyzing, and managing risks that affect a companys ability to record, process, summarize, and report financial data properly.Risk assessment control objectives include the following A. Importance of financial reporting objectives B. Identification and analysis of financial reporting risks C. Assessment of fraud risk (3) Control activities include policies and procedures to rationalize risks including financial, operational, and compliance controls. Control activities include the following D. Segregation of duties to divide authorization, recording, and asset custody among different individuals E. Independent reconciliations of assets and accounting records such as stick statement reconciliations and inventory reconciliations F.Physical controls to provide for physical shelter of assets, such as security cameras and restricted access to corporate buildings G. IT controls to ensure appropriate information processing, authorization, and data integrity. (E. g. Data validation) (4) discipline and communication includes the accounting system for identifying, recording, processing, and reporting transactions and financial data. An organizations system produces reports, containing operational, financial, and compliance information.Internal control principles related to this component include information technology, information needs, information control, management communication, upstream communication, board communication, and communication with external parties (5) Monitoring involves assessing internal controls as well as the process for taking corrective action if needed. Effective monitoring includes H. Ongoing monitoring such as controls over purchasing I. Separate evaluations such as an internal audit that assesses internal controls. J.Upstream communication to report internal control deficiencies COBIT (Control Objectives for Infor mation and related Technology) Three Dimensions (1) IT Resources can be divided into the following four categories A. Application consists of manual and programmed procedures to process information B. Information includes structured and unstructured data in any form, such as text, graphics, pictures, audio and video. Data is input, processed, and output by the system C. Infrastructure refers to IT technology including hardware and software. It may also include physical structures, such as a data center facility D.People includes staff members as well as their knowledge and skills to plan, organize, acquire, implement, deliver, support, monitor, and evaluate IT processes and systems (2) IT Processes deliver information, run applications, and use infrastructure and people to accomplish IT goals in light of business requirements. IT processes are grouped into the following four universes E. Plan and Organize (PO) scope relates to IT strategy and tactics to contribute to attainin g business goals F. Acquire and Implement (AI) domain identifies, acquires (built or bought), and implements IT solutions.Also ensures that the SDLC phases and activities are used when upgrading and modifying current systems G. Deliver and Support (DS) domain concerned with the delivery of IT services. Encompasses IT operations, security and training. Assures the continued support and maintenance of these services H. Monitor and Evaluate (ME) domain monitors IT processes for compliance with control requirements. Includes management solicitude of control processes as well as independent assurance services provided by internal and external audits (3) Business Requirements (Information Criteria) I.Three criteria relate to the information security confidentiality, integrity, availability (CIA) J. For the remaining four criteria, COBIT relies upon definitions used by COSOs Internal Control Integrated Framework (Effectiveness, Efficiency, Reliability, Compliance) Chapter 11 CYBERSEC URITY What are the 10 domains of cybersecurity? (1) Legal, regulations, compliance, and investigations (2) Information security and risk management (3) Security architecture and design (4) Telecommunications, network, and network security (5) Control access (6) Operations security (7) Physical and environmental security 8) Application security (9) Business continuity and disaster be restoredy (10) Cryptography What is the scope of cybersecurity in the accounting system? * Cybersecurity in an enterprise is not limited to just guarding against hackers and cyberattacks. It involves many aspects of enterprise operations, including how you train and spring up your employees about security awareness to safeguarding information assets, how to implement new technologies in a security conscious manner, how to maintain backups in order to recover and continue business operations, and how to provide the highest level of security in a cost-effective wayWhy is encryption important in securin g accounting data? * For accounting purposes, encryption provides an especially valuable tool offering increased data integrity and confidentiality. Encryption can be used for accounting data in transit and for accounting data stored in the database. If an attacker is thriving in penetrating the enterprise security and reaches the database, encryption of the stored data is an redundant line of defense *Refer to yack away PPT slides for more detailed information regarding key terms.Chapter 12 THE RISK INTELLIGENT ENTERPRISE What is a risk intelligent enterprise? * The risk intelligent enterprise moves beyond security and controls to managing risk and then to using risk to create value What is the enterprise risk management (ERM) framework? * The ERM framework offers guidance to enterprises implementing enterprise risk management. ERM units may consist of entity-level units, divisions, business units, and/or subsidiaries * The four ERM objectives are strategic relate to goals tha t support the entitys mission * Operational relate to the effective and efficient use of the entitys resources * Reporting relate to the reliability of the enterprises reporting, both internal and external * Compliance relates to the entitys compliance with all applicable laws and regulations * The eight ERM components consist of * Internal environment involves the risk management philosophy of the enterprise, including the tone set by top management. Risk resilience, risk appetite, risk tolerance, integrity, and ethical values also affect the nternal environment * Objective setting setting objectives that are consistent with the entitys mission and risk appetite * Event identification involves identifying potential events that capacity affect the entity. Events can be either internal events or external events that might affect the entitys ability to achieve objectives. * Risk assessment the process of assessing the extent to which events would impact an entitys ability to a chieve its objectives (impact/likelihood) * Risk answer (avoidance/reduction/sharing/acceptance) * Control activities Information and communication * Monitoring What is spreadsheet risk management? * A significant risk for many enterprises is the widespread use of spreadsheets with limited controls. A spreadsheet risk management program includes using access and change controls with spreadsheets in order to be SOX compliant Chapter 13 ACCOUNTING SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT * This chapter explains stages of SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle) and SDM (Software Development Methodologies). Refer to Lecture PPT slides for more information.

The Return: Shadow Souls Chapter 38

Talon Uh heel Elena shouted and began to race as fast as she could to tug in out of the room. This was strategy. Would the owl become however smaller so as to get through the gateway or would it destroy its sanctuary in order to stay on top of Elena?It was a good strategy, barely it didnt amount to much in the end. The owl shrank to dart through the door, and whence resumed gigantic size to attack Elena as she ran d protest the stairs.Yes, ran. With all of her military group channeled to her eyes, Elena leaped from step to step as Damon had before. Now there was no prison term for fear, no time for thinking. There was precisely time to turn all over in her fingers a small, hard, cre wind-shaped object.Shinichi and Misao they did make it into her nest.There mustiness be a ladder or virtually issue made of glass over that even Damon couldnt see, in the flowerbed where cut had stopped and barked. No Damon would generate seen it, so they must have brought their own lad der.Thats why their trail ended there. They climbed straight up into the library. And they ruined the flowers in the bed, which is why the new flowers werent doing so well.Elena knew from Aunt Judith, from her childhood, that transplanted flowers took awhile to revive and perk up again.LeapjumpleapI am a spirit of fire. I cannot miss a step. I am a fire elemental. Leapleapleap.And then Elena was savouring at level ground, nerve-racking not to leap into it, but a pris cardinalr to her body which was already leaping. She fell hard enough to dead(p) unmatchable side, but she kept hold of the precious crescent clutch in a deathgrip in her render.A gigantic beak irritated into glass where she had been a upshot before she slid. Talons raked her back.Bloddeuwedd was still after her.salvia and his group of sturdy young male and female lamias traveled at the pace of a running frankfurter. Saber could lead them, but only as fast as he himself could go. Fortunately few mountain see med to want to instigate a fight with a dog that weighed as much as they did that weighed more than many of the beggars and children they encountered as they reached the bazaar.The children crowded almost the carriage, slowing them further. Sage took the time to exchange an expensive jewel for a purse full of small change and he scattered the coins screwing the carriage as they went, allowing Saber free reign.They passed dozens of stalls and cut through streets, but Saber was no ordinary bloodhound. He had enough prop onent to confound most vampires. With perhaps only one or devil of the discern atoms stuck to his nasal membrane he could hunt down his goal. Where some other dog might be fooled by one of the hundreds of similar kitsune trails they were locomotion through, Saber examined and rejected each of them as being not quite a the right shape, size, or sculpture.There came a time, though, when even Saber seemed defeated. He stood in the center of a six-way crossroads, regardless of traffic, limping slightly, and going in circles. He couldnt seem to choose a path.And nor could I, my friend, Sage thought. Weve come so far, but its clear they went on farther. No way to go up or dig downSage hesitated, looking around the crimson-colored hustle of roads.And then he saw something.Directly across from him, but to his leave was a perfumery. It must sell hundreds of fragrances, and billions of scent shreds were deliberately being released into the air.Saber was blind. non blind in his keen liquid dark eyes. however where it mattered he was numbed and blinded by the billions of scents that were being blown up his nose.The vampires in the carriage were calling to go on or go back. They had no sense of real adventure, them. They just wanted a nice show. And doubtless many had slaves who were recording the whipping for them so they could enjoy it at unfilled at home.At that moment a flash of blue and sumptuous decided Sage. A Guardian Eh, bienHeel, S aberSabers crack and tail drooped as Sage randomly picked one of the directions and had him race alongside the running vampire to get out of the thoroughfare and onto another street.But then, miraculously, the tail went up again. Sage estimated that there could not be even one molecule of the kitsunes scent left in Sabers nostrils nowbut the memory of the scentthat was still there.Saber was once again in hunting mode, with head down, tail straight, all his Power and intelligence concentrated on one goal and one goal only to find another molecule that matched the three-dimensional memory of the one in his mind. Now that he was not blinded by the searing smell of all those different concentrated odors, he was able to think more clearly. And thinking alerted him to slip in surrounded by streets, causing a commotion behind him.What about the carriage? lug about the carriage Dont lose sight of that guy with the dogSage, trying to keep up with Saber himself, knew when a chase was about to end. Tranquillit he thought to Saber. He also barely whispered the word. He had never been certain if his animal friends were telepathic or not, but he care to believe that they were, while behaving as if they were not. Tranquillit he told himself.And so, when the huge black dog with the smart dark eyes and the man ran up the steps to one particular ramshackle building, they did it silently. Then, as if hed had a pleasant stroll in the country, Saber sat and looked at Sage in the face, laughing-panting. He capable and closed his mouth in a silent parody of a bark.Sage waited for the young vampires to catch up with him before be undefended the door. And, as he wanted the element of surprise, he didnt knock. Instead he smashed a fist with the Power of a sledgehammer through the door and groped for locks and chains and bolts. He could feel none. He did feel a knob.Before opening the door, and going into who knew what peril, he said to those behind him, whatsoever loot we take i s the property of Master Damon. I am his gaffer and it was only through my dogs skills that we have made it so far.There was agreement, ranging from kick to indifferent.By the same token, Sage said, whatever danger is in there, I face first. Saber NOWThey burst into the room, nearly taking the door off its hinges.Elena cried out involuntarily. Bloddeuwedd had just done what Damon would not, and lined her back with bloody(a) furrows from her talons.But even as Elena managed to find the glass door to the outside, she could feel other minds surging to help sustain her, to lift and share some of the pain.Bonnie and Meredith were picking their way through huge shards of glass to get to her. They were screaming at the owl. And Talon, heroically, was attacking from above.Elena couldnt stand it any longer. She had to see. She had to know that this metallic-feeling thing that shed picked out of Bloddeuwedds nest wasnt some bit of filthy rubbish. She had to know now. abrasion the tiny scra p of metal against the ill-fated scarlet dress, she took a moment to glance downward, to see crimson sunlight sparkle against gold and baseball fields and 2 folded-back little ears and two bright common alexandrite eyes.The duplicate of the first jumble key half, but facing the other way.Elenas legs almost gave way underneath her.She was holding the second half of the fox key.Hurriedly, then, Elena brought up her free hand and plunged her fingers down into the carefully made little sacking behind the diamond insert. It concealed a tiny pouch, specially sewn there by Lady Ulma herself. In it was the first half of the fox key, replaced there as soon as Saber and Talon had finished with it. Now, as she shoved the second half-key into the pocket with the first, she was disconcerted to feel movement in the pouch. The two pieces of the fox key were what, becoming one?A black beak slammed into the wall beside her.Without even thinking, Elena ducked and rolled to escape it. When her f ingers flew back to make sure that the pouch was tie up and secure, she was astonished to feel a familiar shape resting inside.Not a key?Not a keyThe world was spin around wildly around Elena. Nothing mattered not the object not her own life. The kitsune twins had tricked them, had made fools of the idiot humans and the vampire who had dared to face up to them. There was no double fox key.Still, hope refused to die. What was it Stefan used to swan? Mai dire mai never say never. Knowing what a chance she was taking, discriminating she was a fool for taking it, Elena thrust her finger again into the pouch.Something self-possessed slipped onto one finger and stayed there.She glanced down and for a moment was arrested by the sight. There, on her ring finger, gleamed a gold, diamond-encrusted ring. It represented two abstract foxes curled together, one facing each way. Each fox had two ears, two green alexandrite eyes, and a pointed nose.And that was all. Of what use was a trinket like this to Stefan? It bore no resemblance to the double-winged keys shown in the pictures of kitsune shrines.As treasure, it was surely worth a meg times less than what they had already spent to get it.And then Elena find something.A light shone from the eyes of one of the foxes. If she hadnt been staring at it so closely, or if she hadnt been by now in the White Waltz Ballroom, where change showed true, she might not have noticed it. But the light was glistening straight ahead of her as she dour her hand sideways. Now it was shining from four eyes.It was shining in exactly the direction of Stefans prison cell. accept rose up like a phoenix in Elenas heart, and took her noble-minded on a mental journey out of this labyrinth of glass rooms. The music playing was the waltz from Faust. Away from the sun, deep into the heart of the city, that was where Stefan was. And that was where the sickish green light from the foxs eyes was shining.Riding high on hope, she turned the ring. The light winked out of both foxs eyes, but when she turned the ring so that the second fox was in line with Stefans cell, it winked on.Secret signals. How long could she have owned a ring like that and done nothing if she hadnt already known where Stefans prison was?Longer than Stefan had left to live, probably.Now she only had to plump long enough to reach him.

Aaron Douglas’ “Crucifixion”

Aaron Douglas Crucifixion Throughout much of neoism numerous artists were captivated and informed by the progress to of exotic regions throughout the world, more specifically Africa. African Art would influence much of the Modern Movements from the latter post of the Nineteenth and the beginning of the Twentieth Centuries. Much is said of the artists within the Harlem Renaissance, and how it instanter reflects the influence of Africana upon their art. Often times, this work is neglected to be considered Modern if not in specialized selections of course throughout many of todays higher institutions of learning.However, frankincense being said, Aaron Douglas, often considered the pi nonpareiler of African American Modern Art, would generate this notion to the forefront of Modern Society. With Douglas The Crucifixion, illustrated in Gods Trombones in 1927, he would shatter all notions of work within the Harlem Renaissance as not being Modern, but more viably Modern than most work produced at this time. He would give tremendous validity to African American Art as Modern in any context by not only incorporating modernist concepts, but truly making social check about the plight of the African Americans and the struggles of becoming principal(prenominal).In Douglas The Crucifixion, he draws from Western academe and his African roots, not only to place his work among Modern delicately art, but would make the Black voice a viable and refreshing as any other relocation within Modern Art. It is important to point out the formal qualities of The Crucifixion. The piece is made of oil on canvas. However, with the delicate treatment and translucency of the paint it is not ponderous to imagining it water-colour or gouache. The colour in palette is limited and specific. The intent of a genuinely monochromatic purple tonal range sets the mood for the piece as a whole.Purple denotes a heavenly or royal handling of the subject area matter. The practise of purp le within the Western canon, oftentimes symbolized the holy. With the piece competently titled The Crucifixion, it is no wonder that Douglas is setting the scene of Gospel cogitate subject matter. In addition to the aforementioned, The Crucifixion was originally illustrated in jam Weldon Johnsons book of poems, Gods Trombones Seven Negro Sermons in Verse (Driskell, 110). However, with the subject matter and the painterly quality it is not hard to place them among fine art painting.For the vast majority of Douglas work, as with The Crucifixion, slow history, religion, and myth provided the substantive sources for his stylized subjects (Driskell, 111). The composition is highly composed with a designers eye for detail and stylistic elements. Furthermore, the primordial range of deliveryman, which is washed-out, flattened white, surrounded by geometric forms and interpenetrating circular shapes, possibly signifying a halo or makeation of thereof, and also moves the composition outwardly from the central Jesus hinting towards the modern affair of interpenetrating lines that occurred within Cubism (Pinder, 107).Douglas layers Cubist design elements to ca-ca a highly fragmented, yet cohesive composition that reads more designed and emblematic through imagery. To add, the use of very directional/graphic arrows pointing upward and outwardly, it is not hard to read this as something taking the importance absent from the central Jesus figure to the overshadowing black man and to the heavens. Additionally one cannot begin to confront the issue of Modernity and Modern Art movements without mentioning the influence of African art objects on Modern Artists.One only has to look at Picasso and Braque to see the influence of African masks and twisted perspective as in Ancient Egyptian sculpture with Les Demoiselles dAvignon. It is not hard to imagine Modern artists who implemented these sort of design elements into their work to be considered new and carving ed ge. If one is to take that same mentality and apply it to any fall of artists within the Harlem Renaissance, especially Douglas, then their use of African imagery substantial of set them worlds apart at the time.Who better understands this art, then those whose heritage is deeply involved with such art? Aaron Douglas understood this, and was able to draw upon African ideals concerning art and incorporate them into this specific piece. Additionally, the Jesus figure is overshadowed by a wide darkened African man carrying the cross for Jesus possibly marking the weight of the world on his shoulders and carrying the burden that one must(prenominal) go through society as African Americans.As Driskell said in Harlem Renaissance Art of Black America, Jesus the savior is also Jesus the bearer of everymans burden, particularly the black mans burden. Of course, the large African American man carrying the cross represents that man. This may also represent the hardship of the black man a t the beginning of the Twentieth century. As Kymberly Pinder suggests in her article, Our Father, God our Brother, the Nazarene or are We Bastard cognate? Images of Christ in African American Painting, in the black under-standing of Christ and Christianity from the beginning.The analogy between Christs persecution and the racial oppression of blacks past and present is essential within this piece. Symbolically, Douglas is relying on the suggestion that Black is Christ-like to forward his artistic expression. truthfully speaking, without these elements The Crucifixion would not carry the lofty message it elicits. Douglas paints in a hard-edged style that defined the figure, borrowing of course from the Synthetic Cubists (Driskell, 111). The figures themselves are angular and exaggerated borrowing from ancient Egyptian sculpture.This work exemplifies design with the delegacy Douglas plays with design motifs, such as arrows and interpenetrating geometric shapes, to give the compo sition a highly stylized and polished feel while still portrayal the figure to produce a highly designed and spatially think composition (Driskell, 111). Any of the abovementioned would suffice in the consideration of Douglas Crucifixion as Modern. One only has to look to Cubism and German Expressionism to consider his work modern. His use of religious symbolism hints towards the same practice within German Expressionism.In addition, his use of very angular figures pointing to works by Otto Dix and Karl Schmidt-Rottluff. Furthermore, with the concept of interpenetrating planes and geometry one only has to look to the work of Picasso and Braque to see that this has similarities with Synthetic Cubism. According to Susan Earle in Aaron Douglas African American Artist, in Modern art, Douglas saw the potential for abstracting two-dimensional form, eliminating come detail, fracturing line, and using color harmonies, almost mirroring that of works by Synthetic Cubists (Earle, 107).Addit ionally, with Douglas use of agile line work and his economic usage of recognizable symbolic features, it is evident that Douglas borrows from Art Deco (Driskell, 129). However, he takes clear advantage of Art Nouveau and the movement it brought to the fine arts. Douglas incorporates this with the rhythm and movement of Harlem Renaissance music. Additionally, one could look towards the Futurists and their katzenjammer and social commentary to inform Douglas crucifixion albeit, The Crucifixion is not overcrowded with color and direct movement.However, his use of angular figural representations and his comment on the fleck of African Americans makes a social commentary about the lives of African Americans. Bibliography Brigham, David R. Bridging Identities Dox beat up as African American and Artist. JSTOR. The University of Chicago Press, 1990. Web. 18 Nov. 2012. http//www. jstor. org/stable/3108983. Earle, Susan and Renee Ater. Aaron Douglas African American Modernist. New Haven Yale UP, 2007. Print. Driskell, David C. , David L. Lewis, and Deborah Willis. Harlem Renaissance Art of Black America.New York studio Museum in Harlem, 1987. Print. Pinder, Kymberly N. Our Father, God Our Brother, Christ or Are We Bastard syndicate? Images of Christ in African American Painting. FLITE Database. Indiana State University, 1997. Web. 12 Nov. 2012. http//www. jstor. org. libcat. ferris. edu/stable/3042461. Thompson, Aubrey. Great Plains Pragmatist Aaron Douglas and the Art of Social Protest. emailprotected of Nebraska Lincoln. University of Nebraska, 01 Nov. 2000. Web. 10 Nov. 2012. http//digitalcommons. unl. edu/greatplainsquarterly/314.

Environmental Speech Essay

My speech result be about Global warming, this is the rise in the ordinary temperature of the Earths atmosphere and oceans. In 2011 the emission of carbon copy dioxide and was the highest it had ever been before and it had also deportn a similar surface in 2012. Over all, emissions of carbon dioxide had jumped 3 percent in 2011 and in 2012 it was estimated that it had jumped another 2. 6% in 2012. Scientists are 90% sure that sympathetic race are the cause global warming from producing greenhouse gases produced by human activity like using a car which is burning fogy fuels and also is caused deforestation.Since the early 20th century the Earths average temperature has increased by 0. 8 degrees centigrade. The effect of an increased temperature will end point in the rise of sea levels. Global warming is strongest in the north-polar and causes a more frequent occurrence of extreme weather events such as heat waves, heavy rainfall, droughts and species extinction. How do we st op Global melting? Turning the thermostat down a few degrees can brand a big difference in decreasing our carbon dioxide emissions. substitution a regular light bulb with compact florescent lights will yet you ? 15 over the life of the bulb and reduce global warming. movement less and using public transport more often will reduce the carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels which are burnt every(prenominal) day from transportation vehicles. Decorating your house with plants and trees will help as they take in carbon dioxide and produce oxygen.

International Marketing Planning and Strategies Essay

McDonalds is a world-famous alliance that provides fast- food in china. In the course of offering its services, it faced pissed off competition from its rival Kentucky Fried Chicken company. The management therefore had to prescribe into consideration some local line of reasoning practices such as fictitious character of food, staff welfare and other environmental issues. McDonalds restaurants in China were being ope grazed as vocalise ventures along with other local companies.This ensured deluxe brand quality and effective management control as compared to its competitors in the market place. Additionally, its ability to quickly adjust to the varying local conditions do it to seize on advantage over many other competitors (Ko, 2008, 1). Through the innovation of the new technology and vast capital, the company demonstrable its own inhering supply network which made them to throw access to both municipal and export markets.The development of infrastructure enabled it to get its supply from within the realm thus saving cost of importation. McDonalds implemented the traditionalistic Chinese culture which enabled it to quickly pay off its way to the market. For instance, it decorated its restaurants with designs symbolizing traditional Chinese culture. It alike offered special festive items such as prosperity burger during the Lunar New year. This attracted many people to eat from their restaurants. The company unplowed on adjusting its menu in order to capture the favorites of the people.Due to the arise competition in the market place, McDonalds had to partner with Sinopec, a oil colour company, in order to build drive-through restaurants in most of its petrol move in China so that it captures many customers to counter the high rate of competition. They had also to collaborate with the Chinese online shoppers so as to attract net profit users for their foods and other promotional items. The company carried out an advertising campaign to occupy awareness to the people of McDonalds products.McDonalds took advantage of young Chinese customers social influence. Despite the fact that it was offering its food at high prices, the young generation viewed this restaurants as trendy places to socialize with their friends and families. They also preferent the restaurants site as they offered good atmosphere for relaxing. McDonalds engaged in national campaign and took benefit of Beijing hosting the Olympic Games. They used the Chinese slogan which made it to attract many customers which made it to improve its business operations. Opportunities and threatsMcDonalds faced great challenges, for instance, the rising inflation in china made it to raise its prices for almost all its products in order to make up for the surging cost of materials. This made the level of consumers to decline drastically. It also faced social threats and critics which pointed out that they did not apply health and environmental standards observed in China (Ko, 2008, 3). The transformation of China to a developed nation posed a threat to McDonalds as it was obscure whether it was going to sustain its momentum of operation. Marketing strategiesTo sustain its operations, McDonalds should reserve out some marketing strategies such as engaging in successful community and media relation program that will enable it to have increased coverage and reputation without spending a fortune. Another dodging is to set up joint promotions. In this case, McDonalds must get word uniqueness and behavior of its frequent customers, look for other non-competing businesses already arrival them and then formulate a technique to set up joint promotions. They can also make use of emerging market trends and take advantage of increased sale opportunities before their competitors.

Alexandra Kollontai – Biography

Biographical information Name Alexandra Mikhailovna Kollontai Born March thirty- firstborn 1872 in St. Petersburg Died March 9th 1952 in Moscow Occupation Russian commie revolutionary, Soviet Ambassador to Norway Family background Kollontai was born to a relatively besotted family. Her father, General Mikhail Alekseevich Domontovich, served as a Calvary officer in the Russo-Turkish contend and was an advisor to the Russian administration in Bulgaria. Kollontais fix, Alexandra Androvna Masalina-Mravinskaia, was a missy of a Finnish peasant who made a fortune marketing wood.Kollontais parents long and difficult struggle to be together would colour her views on relationships, sex and marriage. Kollontai was extremely close with her father, two sharing an interest in history and politics. Education Kollontais mother and her nanny were demanding, There was order in everything, on that point was order in everything to tidy up toys myself, to lay my underwear on a junior-grade c hair at night, to wash neatly, to study my lessons on time, to treat the servants with delight in.Alexandra was considered a good student, mastering a range of languages. She spoke cut with her mothers and sisters, English to her Nanny, Finnish with the peasants at a family estate, and she was a student of German. Alexandra wanted to continue her education at university but her mother said that there was no real need for women to have higher education. Political social station At the time of the split in the Russian well-disposed democrat Labour Party in 1903, into the Mensheviks and the Bolsheviks, Kollontai did not side with either.Kollontai then first joined the Mensheviks but then in 1915 finally joined the Bolsheviks. later the Bolshevik revolution in 1917, Kollontai became the Peoples Commissar for Social Welfare. Kollontai founded the Zhenotdel or Womens Department in 1919. This organisation worked to improve the agree of womens lives in the Soviet Union, fighting ill iteracy and educating women about the raw(a) marriage laws put in place by the revolution. Revolutionary activitiesKollontais first activities were timid and modest, helping out a few hours a week with her sister at a library that supported sunlight classes in basic literacy for urban workers, sneaking a few collectivised ideas into the lesson sideways. At this library, Kollontai met Elena Stasova, an activist in the budding Marxist movement in St. Petersburg. Stasova began using Kollontai as a courier, transporting parcels of illegal writings to unknown individuals.In 1898 Kollontai leftfield to study Economics in Zurich, Switzerland. She then paid a forebode to England, where she met shares of the British Labour party. She returned to Russia in 1899, at which time she met Vladimir Lenin. She became a member of the Russian Social Democrat Labour Party in 1899. Kollontai went in exile, to Germany in 1908 after publishing Finland and Socialism, which called on the Finnish spat e to rise up against oppression within the Russian empire.

The Story of My Life in 400 Words

Let me start off by saying that theme essays isnt really my cup of tea. I find it really vexed to begin as there are so m all diametrical focuss to do it. I can start with, One daytime but accordingly it would be too common. Finding the right way to start a composition, for me, is the most taxing thing in the valet de chambre to do. Then, theres also the problem of choosing which items to include and disregard. If the limit of lecture is four hundred accordingly I must choose the words carefully. Otherwise, I might go over without getting my message across. Do you understand my dilemma?You might find this weird coming from somebody who makes students redeem their stories. If they would only find out then that would make me the laughing-stock of the al sensation school. I wint waste your time anymore with this wasted talk and start with what Im supposed to write about. Everything started one Monday morning in November of 1975. This was when I made my entry to this world. I trust I made my parents really happy just by beingness here. Then there was elementary. Its where I versed about favor equal to(p) interaction. I discovered that if Im nice to pack then Ill make more friends but if Im not, then life will be lonely and miserable.From high school I learned that spending some time in making myself count presentable is important if I want to attract the attention of people from the opposite sex. Oh, yes Theres also college. In the university, I learned that we really live in a cut through eat dog world. Competition is stiff and you must learn to cope otherwise you wont survive. Despite of this, I learned to really fall in love for the first time. I wont really go into too much details as I would have to write another 400-word composition for this topic alone. After college, I tried my founder on a lot of different things.Off the top of my head, I remember working as a project assistant, administrative assistant, higher-ranking clerk and custo mer service representative to name just a few. It wasnt until I tried my hand on teaching that I found my calling. Teaching is not for the weak of heart. You must be able to endure several heartaches and some disappointments before you can reap its rewards. plainly mind you, the rewards are tremendous. Being able to make a contravention in the lives of your students is what it really is about. I cant think of any other way to live my life.

Complexity of Poetry

Allison Gilpin Dr. Jones English 102 20 July, 2012 Complexity of Poe render Poetry is a fashion for the lector to openly interpret a verse in almost any way they see fit. Because in that respect is so much freedom of interpretation with poetry, there leaves a lot of room for discussion and opposition. Billy Collins metrical composition, knowledgeability to Poetry, breaks down the basic ways for interpreting and understanding a poesy. In summary, he explains that the reader cannot focus on assay to view come forth one specific meaning of a poem, but instead, try to piece together small parts to understand a deeper meaning.Collins rules on how to interpret a poem can be use to Hughess poem ab unwrap a young disciple penning a poem for homework. Instead of looking at Hughess poem as a whole, the reader can better understand it by breaking it down and figuring out why each limit is important and how it ties together with the poem as a whole. Understanding collins rules to in terpret a poem, help the reader decipher Hughes poem on a deeper, more academic level. Langston Hughess poem explains how a black, cardinal two year old man and the rest of his white classmates be given an ap buckee to write a paper.The narrator, who is also the student, explains his thoughts hearty-nigh the assignment and how him being the only illusioned one in his class skill be reflected on his grade on the assignment. At the beginning of the poem, he explains how he has to get to class everyday by traveling crosswise some of the better parts of town. The student goes on to explain how still though he is colored, he likes the same things and has the same wants as everyone else. He states that he is no different than the rest of his class and that he excessively has knowledge to share.By stating this, the student is expressing to the reader how he call ups him and the instructor are equal. In the last few lines the student writes, As I learn from you, / I guess you learn from me (37-38). This explains how even though their skin color and eon is different they are still able to learn from each other. The student has a somewhat optimistic and confident tone throughout the poem. He is aware of his capabilities and knows that he can be only when as made as anyone else.Billy Collins Introduction to Poetry explains how whenever people analyze a poem they do not try to find the true means of it. By writing, But all they want to do / is tie the poem to a chair with rope / and torture a confession out of it, explains how the majority of people are lazy and want everything handed to them effortlessly (12-14). This last stanza explains how some people look at poems from one point of view and expect the meaning of the poem to be written out for them.The author is stating that people should look at the poem from different angles save as one would look at the world from a color slide. He tries to explain to the reader that if one were to interpret the poem from a whole new approach, then they could find a deeper meaning than just the surface meaning. After knowledge Collins Introduction to Poetry, the reader should induct a better sense of how to interpret Hughess poem. passim the first part of Hughess poem the reader may think all of the characters background information including his address, age, and hometown is ineffectual.After reading an entire stanza about this pointless information the reader may try to stop understanding the poem before they even finish it. If the reader uses Collins instructions about analyzing a poem, they may find that all of this pointless information is real important and helps contribute to the characters feelings of insecurity. Collins poem explains that not all poems have one specific answer or meaning the writer is trying to get across.Keeping this idea in mind, the reader may realize that Hughess poem, in fact, does not state an answer or solution to the characters composite feelings. Although both of these poems leave room the readers own special interpretation, there is a basic meaning and idea to each one. Both of these poems fit well together because Collins thoughts and ideas can be directly applied when reading Hughess poem. The poems are an effective example of how even though a poem may seem short and simple, there is usually a deeper and greater meaning beneath the surface.

A T-shirt Epic Essay

Pietra Rivolis yummy narrative, The Travels of A T-Shirt in the Global Economy, goes about a strike journey around the globular village to discover an entangled net of economic and political forces that move this piece of clothing around.The al-Quran is discriminate into four parts of a t-shirts life. Part atomic number 53 of the book deals with the cotton industry. Rivolis own surprise at accomplishment that the cotton used for her shirt comes from Texas opens up this chapter on the continuing ascendence of the American cotton industry. The book then continues to explain the reasons for thesea office from governing subsidies, the larger part of Americas continuing competitive returns is its virtuous cycle of governance. In the United States, the farms work, the market works, the government works, the comprehension works, and the universities work. (Rivoli 7).The second part of the book is about the cloth industrys so called race to the git. Industrialization is ushered in by the cloth industry, and Rivoli gives examples from 19th b impression England to the Asian economic powerhouses Japan, South Korea and Hong Kong in the twentieth century. The third part is about the complexity of getting a cloth import into the United States, with all the confusing legislation brought about by decades of political control held by textile manufacturers in America. In the terminal part of the book, Rivoli examines the global market for used t-shirts, which she concedes is the final place where markets real determine its origin and destination.Free Trade or Protectionism The author is non making an argument for either protectionism or free wad. Obviously, as a trained economist, Rivoli favors free foxiness, as do all her colleagues in an almost unanimous voice. However, the book does not argue for either side, and instead illustrates that both(prenominal) sides of this policy divide unwittingly spur economic development.Free care policies encourage mor e races to the bottom as work shifts to number one address countries however protectionist policies also contribute to another type of race. In the affair for quota imports to the United States, for example, investment has flowed into aras where in that location is less restriction on trade with the worlds largest consumer of textiles and app arel.In the modern-day case with mainland China, the relatively low quota limits that China has for its exports to the US before the expiration of the Multifiber Agreement (MFA) (Rivoli 121) has encouraged investments in other developing countries like Pakistan, Bangladesh and even Sub-Saharan Africa. As the book notes, the exclusion of one creates opportunities for another, and the humble textile industry is the first pure tone towards industrialisation for many developing nations. As Rivoli further notes, when the MFA was scheduled to be taken down, a lot of other developing countries were scared of China eating everyones share of the textile pie. It represents one of the few actually plausible pro-protectionist arguments in the book, which are not really argued for but scantily explained.The role of governance in international tradeIts a given fact that politicians will listen more often that not to their constituents first instead of to common sense. Unfortunate as it may be, politics more often than not counter the market forces that power the global race to the bottom. Rivoli puts it as While the market forces powering the race to the bottom are strong, the political forces pushing back against the markets are strong as well, particularly in the United States. (Rivoli 115)This clash between the two has made importation of textiles a very complicated business in the United States, and changes the smell of international trade with it. If an item cannot be imported from China, it is imported from Mexico instead, well-favored an artificial advantage to some countries that will not be there if market forces were solely in control. The decisions that politicians like congressmen and senators in Washington discombobulate often influence the very futures of some countries in the world.Rivoli characterizes American industries that are aging as trying to escape market forces by clinging on to their political supports. Instead of a paradise of no intervention and gross(a) competition, what happens is that more often politics exert a big temporary force that tilts the equation over completely.Another example was 18th century England, where to no avail Parliament tried to pass acts that would protect their interior(prenominal) wool producers. Instead of having the intended consequences (i.e. eliminating imported cotton), it just pushed international trade to adapt to the circumstances.The race to the bottom phrase used so some(prenominal) in the book is one of the most intriguing ideas of Rivoli. Basically it says that the textile industry, like all industries is governed by market force s. On the supply side, producers seek more and more productivity for lower costsa answer that sparked the original Industrial novelty. However, as wages go up along with production costs, producers are keen on reducing costs and preserving low prices with huge markets. These trends doom an industrial countrys textile production after it becomes less competitive than another aspiring country who is not the loss leader in the bottom of production costs.The fire of the Industrial Revolution spread to the United States, and then in the last century to Asia, where during the old twenty or so years China has held the spot as top in this ubiquitous race to the bottom.The other side of the argumentthose activists who bring about higher minimum wages and weaken labor standards, hasten the fall of a country from the race to the bottom, but at the same time also hasten industrialization and the development of other more value-added industries. It also discombobulates another country lea der of the race to the bottom, ready to start the cycle all over again.This memorial repeats itself phenomenonfrom Britain to Taiwan leaves the reader enthusiastic of the future, and of how economics will eventually make all the people of the world feel a little instant better.R E F E R E N C ERivoli, Pietra. The Travels of a T-Shirt in the Global Economy. in the altogether Jersey Wiley, 2005.

American Revolution the war, the article of confederation and the constitution

The paper discuses the linked States of the States road to self-importance governance from hands of British colonialism. low gear it looks on the fight between the get together States the States and Britain. The contend alsok place in late eighteenth century when the thirteen nations of America colonialist joined forces to overthrow the British emperor. Although the reconciles reservesmen were untrained and used simple weapons, they were determined to topple down Britain from America. The paper similarly focuses on how the reservesmen though inexperienced in contend, caused sleepless night to the British army.With time the war seemed unending until r to each iodineed a point where a preserve had to be reached to end the war. The war was ended with a deal world reached between the United States of America and the Britain. A capital of France treaty gestural in France between the parties in war ended the stalemate. The condition of alignment is looked into. This documen t (the expressions of league), outlined the rules governing the operations of the f all(prenominal) in thirteen renders. The obligate outlined the powers of the coalition giving medication activity and how the states had to relate to each other.The strengths and weakness of the article is outlined in the paper. Article of bond was replaced by opus in short after America attained her independence. At the end the paper compares the American Revolution with other world revolutions such as, French revolution, the Russian and the Iranian revolutions. The British army and the militiamen During the last half of 18th century, the thirteen colonies of brotherhood America overthrew the governance of British emperor and merged to become the people of the United States of America.The colonies regrouped to form one self governing state that fought with British army. Americans lacked trained army and each group of the colonies relied on militia groups which had simple arms and sligh t knowledge on fighting for defense. Although, this militia had no fighting skills, their high number gave them an advantage over the some British soldiers in the battle fields. In 1775, America found a regular continental army to give more than sustenance to the militia in battles. The British army was about 36,000 men, but within the passage of war, Britain hired more soldiers from Germ whatsoever (Savas, 2006).The combined army was huge, but its strength was washy by the virtue of being spread across large regions of Canada and Florida. The subversive war on North America started when the commander in charge of British army sent his men to seize ammunition held by the militiamen in Massachusetts. On arrival, they found that the Minutemen (a group of men from the colonial militia) had been alerted of unforeseen visit by the British army. This group of militia (minutemen) consisted of young and more mobile men who were ready to fight British army any minute they are call ed to do so.A battle started between the two sides with the British army killing a number of militia. As the war continued, a great damage was inflicted on British army, as thousands of militia fought them, in front reinforcement was brought to help them to prevent more damages. On their way to magnetize Canada from British emperor, the militiamen were grouped into two groups with each having a leader. The group pesterer by Richard Montgomery with more than 1500 men attacked northern Canada forcing the governor of Quebec to escape. The sustain group led by Arnold, was not a success because many another(prenominal) men succumbed to smallpox.Although Montgomery was killed, the groups after merging again, held the city of Quebec until British war ships arrived to get hold of the siege. The militia played a cat and black eye game to the British army. They could engage the British army in fighting, hit the hay and the came again when the army was not aware. The militiamen were det ermined, courageous and ready to overthrow the British emperor at all cost for their independence. Paris Treaty In 1777, France and her allies (Spain and Dutch) entered in the war to support the Americans.Her involvement proved determinative when the second British army surrendered to her naval army. As a resoluteness a treaty had to be signed to end the American war and recognize the sovereignty of United States of America over the territory bound by what is now called Canada to the north, Florida to the south, and Mississippi river to the west (Bobrick, 1998) As the political support of war plunged, the British prime minister resigned in 1782 leading to the hearth of common to vote in favor of ending war with Americas.Signing of preceding peace articles followed in Paris but the war ended when the Paris treaty was signed between America, France and Britain in 1783. The American-French alliance proved too strong to British army. As a result, British regime unneurotic with Am erican representatives in Europe began peace negotiations to stop the alliance against Britain. In the negations Britain negotiator was supposed to acknowledge that he was negotiating with American states not colonies.First the French and Spanish military were to besiege fortress of Gibraltar, which was the seaway connecting Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea (Burnett, 1941). What followed is that the alliance was weakened and France relentlessly judge a preliminary peace treaty between Britain and United states which was formalistic later. The treaty was signed in September 1783 despite British parliamentary protest of some of agreements contained in the deal. The Article of Confederation The article of confederation was the governing constitution of thirteen independent and sovereign states style (United States of America) ( fightd, 1952).The article was proposed in 1777 and ratified in 1781 uniting the states into the United States of America as a union with confederation or ganisation. The article gave the states the power to all government functions not posed by the central government. The article stipulated the rules for operation of the united states confederation. The article allowed the confederation to leave war, negotiate agreements and settle maters concerning the western territories. However, the confederation had no power to mint coins or borrow with or outside United States. Each state had its own currency.The main reason for drawing the article was to provide a programme for securing the freedom, sovereignty and independence of United State. The article stipulated that the confederation to be known as the united States of America, each stated to retain its freedom, independence and sovereignty. The article also established the United States as league of states united and freedom of purport across the states. In the article each state was allocated one vote in congress of confederation, the central government was only the one to conduct abroad relations and declare war.The article further stated that expenditures by the United States would be paid by funds raised by state legislatures, defined the powers of central government and the admission of new state was to be approved by nine states. The article also mandated a committee to be a government when the congress was in session. In addition, the article reaffirmed that the confederation accepts war debt incurred by congress before the articles. Finally it stated that the article was final and only could be altered by adulation of congress.Some of the weaknesses of the article includes power of central government was weak because each states had powers, there was no balance between the large and small states in legislative decision making, the congress lacked taxing authority hence could not plan on expenditures, some argued that the provisions of the article were no favorable for trenchant government, and downstairs the article, congress did not had powers t o regulate trade. Its main strength was that it gave guidance to the continental army and thus helped to win the American revolutionary war.Ways that the war paint remedied the flaws in the Articles The article of confederation was replaced by the U. S. constitution which departd the government from confederation to federation. The constitution is the supreme law that outlines the organization of United States of America. Constitution defines that the government has three branches namely the legislative, an executive branch led by the chairwoman and judicial branch headed by Supreme Court. The document also states the powers of each branch and reserves rights of each state, hence establishing United States federal official brass of government.The constitutional reallocation of powers created a new form of government, unprecedented under the sun. Every previous national authority either had been centralized or else had been a confederation of sovereign states. The new American sy stem was neither one nor the other it was a mixture of both (Collier, 2007) The constitution established the manner of election and vested all legislative powers to the congress of United States of America which consisted of senators who headed states and House of Representatives who represented the lower house.The executive branch outlined the faculty of hot seat and also makes provision for the post of vice president. The vice president was given powers to succeed the president incase the president died, resigned, removed or unable to discharge duties. The constitution requires that there will be one court (supreme), but the congress could create lower courts that judgments are reviewable by the Supreme Court. The constitution sets all the cases and defines who to hear the same. The constitution defined the kinship between the states and the federal government and amongst the state.The state government was prohibited from lancinating against citizens of other states. There mus t be fair treatment to all citizens regardless of which state he/she comes from. Legal basis of freedom of movement and travel amongst the states was laid in the constitution. This provision was not taken more seriously as it was the case in the time of articles of confederation, where crossing of states lines was costly. at heart the constitution, there provision for creations of new states and the congress is given the power to make rules concerning the disposal of federal property.The United States is required to allow each state to have a republican government and protect the states from all attacks. The constitution and laws of states were to set in such a way that it did not remainder with the laws of the federal government and incase of conflict, judges were supposed to honor federal laws over those of states. Constitution addressed the freedoms of religion, speech, press, assembly and petition. States were give were right to hold the line and maintain militia and individu als to poses arms. Government was prohibited from using private homes to donjon soldiers without consent of owners.The constitution required that a warrant of arrest be issued, prohibited repeated trial, guaranteed a speedy trial for criminals and forbade excessive adhesiveness or fines. How was revolutionary revolution The American Revolutionary was actuary a revolution, there was change of power and change in organizational structures. American wanted a change wanted to be represented in the parliament, wanted to get benefits of the tax they paid etc. It was the result of the war and signing of Paris treaty that Britain moved from America and America was state independent.This is a political revolution where a political regime was overthrown and thereby transformed by a popular movement in an irregular, surplus constitutional and/or violent fashion(Ward, 1952) The U. S. constitution replaced the articles of confederation, which change government from confederation to federal o ne. Both the French, American, Russian, and Iranian revolution were accompanied by turmoil and blood shade. The French revolution was transformation of government from riot to a form based on reason, nationalist, citizenship and inalienable rights.Russian revolution was make to change the nature of society and transform the state with replacement of czaristic autocracy with Soviet Union The Iranian revolution transformed Iran from a monarchy to an Islamic republic. In general all the revolution involves transformation of government from one form to another, although American underwent both government transformation and change of land ownership. Reference Bobrick, Benson (1998). Angel in the Whirlwind The Triumph of the American Revolution. Penguin, softback book reprint Burnett, Edmund Cody (1941).The Continental Congress A Definitive History of the Continental Congress from Its Inception in 1774 to March, 1789 Collier, C. (2007) Decision in Philadelphia The Constitutional confer ence of 1787. New York Random House. Savas, Theodore, P. and Dameron, J. David (2006). A Guide to the Battles of the American Revolution, New York. Ward, Christopher (1952). The War of the Revolution History of land battles in North America, 2, New York Macmillan. Greene, pitch P. (1987). Introduction. The American Revolution, Its Character and Limits. New York University Press New York.

China One Child Policy Essay

Imagine a gentlemans gentleman where whiz and totally(a) usher outt secure simply go to the supermarket be endeavor in that respect is non enough food. A world where taint is a daily reality, the air too thick to make up breath and the water virtually undrinkable. A place you can no longer buy consumer goods be bring forth there isnt enough materials to make them. This could force a reality, but pr eveningting it has always been on the minds of the Chinese government. War and epidemics had ena more(prenominal)d China for years, but after the founding of the Peoples common wealthiness of China, sanitation and medicine improved and prompted rapid community growth.This combined with the nominal head created by Mao Ze get ing, Chinas previous communist leader, light-emitting diode to rapid tribe growth that gave Chinas monumental state. This monumental mistake took its toll in the food supply when Mao evince steel production over farthermostming, food supply slipped b ehind population growth by 1962 a massive famine had ca apply some 30 million deaths. After the population leveled off, the government continued the camping to subdue Chinas population.In 1979 the Chinese government introduced a indemnity requiring couples from Chinas ethnic Han majority to have only one child. Depending on where they lived parents can be fined thousand of dollars for having an extra child without a permit and can be forced to abort the child and and then be sterilized. With all this in mind I not only believe that the one child insurance polity with some adjustments can be a good solution to the overpopulation and issues related to it but also it is a necessary constitution.With changes to the policy go away greatly improve Chinas people living environment and standards. Without this policy we can face full issues concerning food supplies, depletion of natural resources at a rapid rate, poverty,spreading of diseases due to neediness of proper medical bring off, overcrowded cities that can lead to heavy pollution, in up to(predicate) housing, set down life expectancy and higher death rates, educational facilities may not realize the population requirements,and finally lower employment opportunities that lead to unbalanced dispersal of wealth.All of this could become a reality without the proper population control bequeathd by the policy. Society a highly structured placement of human organization for boastfully-scale community living that normally furnishes protection, continuity, security, and a national identity. Some essential things that are required for the flourishment of a fellowship are essentials such as food and water. This are non debatable requirements for cities to rise, exit and thrive. Over population can bring many obstacles and difficulties that could impede us from thriving as a society.Some include heavy pollution that is flummoxd by factories that are needed to meet the demands of the big population. Thi s pollution can be precipitated into the water sources can lead to the spread of diseases such as cholera and typhoids. Although higher population number leave produce more food the earth can only moderate so much. horizontal with genetically modified (GMCs) the land can only be used so much before it runs put of nutrients and then become useless. The overexploitation of the land provide lead to soil erosion from trying to meet the food demands of a huge population.Air pollution can cause the spread of diseases such as asthma, COPD, cystic fibrosis, heart disease and even diabetes. This will lead to millions of death and could potentially wipe out total populations and cause poor living conditions. The lack of proper medical care will be one of many factors also contributing to the evenfall of living standards and lower living expectancies which agent higher death rates. doubting Thomas Malthus wrote theories that predicted living conditions over many centuries. He stated th at over population will cause more disadvantages that will outweigh the advantages.Some mightiness said that in his theory he didnt take into name the advances in technology that is essential to the prosperity of a country. I dont argue that Malthus may not have taken that into study but it still doesnt change the fact that earth has a finite carrying capacity. No amour how technology progresses or gets better it will be limited by the resources that we can get. Resources are limited. Technology could leave ways of using this resources more efficiently but no matter what we do it will always lead to the depletion because of higher demand caused by overpopulation.Although technology can solve many of our problems it has a great terminal point. That limitation is us. The overcrowding of cities may lead to educational facilities not being able to provide the proper learning environment and fail to teach the population. This will cause high levels kids falling behind and not be ab le to alter and move on to high level jobs in science, math or engineering which will slow down the rate of progression in technology, and without it we wont be able to meet the demands of a large population.Over population can cause lower employment opportunities that will leave many families in poverty. This will cause and uneven distribution of wealth that can cause the crime rate to go higher. slight jobs means the economy would be very limited or there will be a lot of jobs but minimum salary jobs. Families would be forced to sends their children to work so they can help support the family instead of sending them to school. With a smaller population more high level jobs can be given and more money means better standard of living and high life expectancy levels.wealth can provide many things such as medical care, adequate housing,etc. All of this can be avoided with population control policies such as the one child policy. There is a lot of disadvantages that can cause a disa strous future. So we need to ask ourselves if that will be a life wen want to live in. The answer will always come down to no. The one child policy has harsh effects that are controversial. The forced sterilization and abortion of women is one of the horrid realities that the policy makes possible.But this doesnt change the fact that the policy is a necessity. I completely agree that this must be change. hot regulations can be put into place that are more static and more widely accepted by the majority. The one child policy is a necessity that helps our society in many ways. The advantages of having this policy far outweigh the disadvantages. It keeps Chinas prosperity and encourages great economic wealth and progression. So I urge you to consider all of the points made and jaw that the one child policy is not only a quick-witted choice but also a great one.

Classical School of Criminology: Definitions of some terminology Essay

IntroductionThe neoclassic School of Criminology emerged during the period of Enlightenment and was to generate an important role player in the scientific study of Criminology. The authorized School of thought offered the first naturalistic explanation of crime and sanctioned ideas ab pop crime and a flagitious justice system were developed. (Bezuidenhoud, 2013, p. 126) The Classical school and its proponents left a legacy which can be seen in the Constitutions of many countries (including South Africa) and form the basis and foundation of many uprightnesss and criminological theories. Here following is a discussion on deuce-ace (3) of the concepts (Hedonism, remainder penalisation and disincentive) as introduced by the Classical School but with cross attention paid to how these concepts form a part of forward-looking solar day Criminology and how the current concepts can be improved upon in South African Law.1. Hedonism2. Social Contract3. Law4. Deterrence5. Due form of law6. goal PenaltyHedonismThe concept of Hedonism is grounded in several scientific field of study. In Psychology the definition for Hedonism is given as the theory that call for and especially all human behaviour are fundamentally incite by the pursuit of merriment or the avoidance of put out. (Hedonism. (n.d.). In Merriam-Websters online mental lexicon (11th Ed.)Jeremy Bentham in his book Principles of moral philosophy and Legislation (1789) defines Hedonism as A doctrine with the central tenet that the achievement of pleasure or happiness is the main goal of life. (Bentham, Jeremy, (1988), pest 5)The word hedonism comes from the ancient classical for pleasure. Psychological or motivational hedonism claims that single pleasure or pain motivates us. Ethical or evaluative hedonism claims that only pleasure has outlay or value and only pain or displeasure has disvalue or the opposite of worth. Jeremy Bentham asserted both psychological and ethical hedonism with the firs t 2 sentences of his book An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation Nature has placed public under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain, and pleasure. It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do, as well as to determine what we shall do. Debate about hedonism was a feature too of many centuries before Bentham, and this has to a fault move aft(prenominal) him. (Bentham, Jeremy, (1988), Chap 1)In laymans terms Hedonism implies that any human has the inborn proneness and compulsion to fight pleasure and pain up against each other and ultimately choose to go for the pleasure option. then laws should be formulated in such a path that, bearing in mind the innate desires for pleasure, man will be curtailed by pain. Any person should be able to weigh the pleasure to be gained by an illegal act against the penalty (pain) prescribed by law and subsequently to decide against the act. (Philips, A.R., (2014), Slide 19)In modern-day South Africa no thing seems to encounter changed. It is merely the forms of pleasure and pain that have evolved due to the technological changes since the 18th century. The search for pleasure has become much powerful with all citizens golf club in commonplace and government aiming at gaining pleasure sometimes at any cost. The ordinary citizen sees the train of sumptuousness of the haves and will knock over anything to be able to experience the same level of pleasure. Further much, certain promises were made 20 years ago when the country locomote from apartheid to democracy. Although huge strides have been made at that place has been a definite railroad siding of the gap between the haves and the have-nots. Simplistically crime has evolved into the one sector of the poor turning them to crime to achieve a level of survival (those who have experience no or very little improvement in their lives) spell another sector is driven to crime purely by greed. Thedesire for fast, easy money thro ugh crimes such as drugs and prostitution.Death PenaltyCesare Beccaria (1738-1794) together with Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) was considered to be the most influencial during the Classical School period. Beccaria famously makeup mostly about Deterrence as prevention of crime and penalisation should fit the crime Beccaria also called for the abolition of pileus punishment. He offered three Main arguments first, that the devastation punishment is not useful within a rational and well-ordered Criminal justice system second that capital punishment is illegitimate under a social Contractarian theory of semipolitical obligation and, third, that the irrevocable nature of the death Penalty is incompatible with the watery human judgments that are necessarily involved in Capital punishment. either time a remarkable crime occurs remarkable either because of the fame of the dupe or the extraordinary brutality of the act there are pack calling for a debate on the restoration of the death penalty in South Africa for the nourishion of good people, children, and the whole of society against monsters. When it comes to death penalty the Constitution of South Africa is very clear too there are three basic rights entrench in the Bill of Rights which focuses on the unconstitutionality of state sanctioned murder. These rights are the right to life, the right to freedom and protective cover of the person and the right to dignity (SA Constitution, (1996), Section 12 (1)) The death penalty is a highly disputatious issue which has been the subject of much debate, literary productions and research.Botswana still passes the Death sentence and is the country with the lowest crime rate. As stated in The Botswana travel Guide (2013) stated People in Botswana are very booster stationly and the crime rate is low. Could the reason for this be that the Death sentence (an act of revenge) acts as Deterrence on a general level? This is a proverbial can of worms that I would definitely not like to open.South Africas Death sentence score is a very murky one. About 3500 inmates were hung in the previous century. Of these were cxxx whose onlycrime was fighting for freedom for all South African citizens. (Is this the most ghoulish tourist attraction in the universe of discourse? Gallows where 3500 were hanged declare a national, monument in South Africa, (2011, 15 December)My personal estimate on the topic is that we should maintain the status quo for several reasons. 1. Being a Christian I view in the Commandment Thou shall not kill 2. Killing a killer does not make is right.3. The Death sentence is purely an act of revenge and serves no purpose as deterrence. One could however argue the point that Abortion (which is legalized in this country) is also murder. Murder of intent but once again another contentious issue.Death sentencing, in my opinion, is barbaric, inhumane, and cruel and has no place in our modern society and Constitution.DeterrenceAccording to th e Classical school the law was to protect the rights of both society and the individual, and its chief purpose was to deter criminal behaviour. Therefore Classical law emphasized moral responsibility and the duty of citizens to consider fully the consequences of behaviour before they acted.. The role of punishment, according to Bentham, in itself was shame and should be used only to exclude some greater evil. Thus, the only justification for punishment was Deterrence. The Classical school saw two forms of Deterrence a specific or individual form and a general or societal form. (Williams, P.W. and McShane, M.D., (2014), pg. 17)Individual Deterrence is aimed at the individual who has perpetrate the crime. The punishment should indeed be equal to the crime committed so that the offender will re particle the unpleasantness of the punishment and not repeat the act again. General or societal deterrence is aimed at the society at large. The severity of punishment should be determined b y the extent of misuse to the public welfare. BUT the aim of punishment should be to restrain the criminal from causing any further damage (individual deterrence) and deter others from crime (general deterrence). (Carlitz, A.,(2013), Chap 5)In South Africa today our penal system makes provision for 3 aims of punishment Retribution, deterrence and Rehabilitation.All three aimed at providing peace, harmony and refuge for all its citizens. Our Constitution leans more heavily towards Rehabilitation. All attempts are therefore made to ensure that the offender learns from his punishment and rehabilitates to become a productive member of our society. Deterrence is to my mind a positive charge of dealing with offenders. If implemented correctly it can go a long way in leading to a better society. However there seems to be different rules for different people.Deterrence has very little value if punishment for high-profile offenders is reduced while the ordinary citizen has to face the f ull wrath of the law. The society looks at the preferential treatment of certain high-profile citizens. Examples of preferential treatment.1. Schabir Shaik (Durban businessman and friend of President Jacob Zuma) On 8 June he was sentenced to 15 years gyves on each of the two counts of corruption, as well as 3 years on the count of fraud. The sentences will run concurrently, giving him an powerful 15year prison term. On 3 March 2009 Shaik was divulged on medical parole, afterward serving two years and four months of his 15-year prison term. Since that time he has been seen regularly busy with activities which clearly refuted his alleged medical condition (Opposition slams release of Schabir Shaik, (2009, 3 March), p. 1) and Schabir Shaiks parole paradise, 2010, 8 January, p.1)2. Jackie Selebi (SA Police Commissioner) Selebi was found inculpatory of corruption on 2 July 2010 and sentenced to 15 years imprisonment on 3 August 2010. His appeal against his sentence was rejected by t he haughty Court of Appeal on 2 December 2011, after the approach unanimously ruled against him. However, he was released on medical parole in July 2012. (Selebi guilty of corruption, (2010, 2 July), p. 1)Tony Yengeni (South African politician) In 2004, Yengeni was convicted ofdefrauding parliament by pass judgment a discount on a luxury car during the tendering process for a controversial arms deal while he was the member of a parliamentary committee reporting on the same deal. The plate against Michael Woerfel was withdrawn since Yengeni was found not guilty on the charges involving Woerfel. Yengeni entered Pollsmoor Prison closelipped mantelpiece Town on 24 August 2006, was immediately transferred to more modern Malmesbury prison, but was released on parole on 15 January 2007 after completing a mere four months of the four-year sentence. ((Tony Yengeni. (n.d.). In Wikipedia.) Cases such as the three mentioned above, do not sit well with the South African citizens. Such cas es make people suspicious and negative towards our legal system. They do very little to act as a Deterrence since citizens believe that you will only receive fair treatment if you are individual important.ConclusionOne could argue that the Classical School was extremely native regarding the rights of criminals and working tirelessly at proving that criminals were forced into crime by motley internal and external factors because of the appalling circumstances and inhumane punishments that went on in the centuries prior to the enlightenment. They could seem to have had an axe to grind and wrote prolifically on the topic.What can however not be disputed is that they were very forward in their thinking and set the stage for many reforms to take place in the penal system. The value of their proposals is proven by the number of countries that have entrenched in their constitutions many of the changes advocated by the writers of the Classical School.Many of the ideas championed by Becca ria in such rights as freedom from cruel and unusual punishment, the right to a speedy trial, freedom from cruel and unusual punishment, the right to a bulwark of ex post facto laws, the right to confront ones accusers, and equation under law, contained in the Bill of Rights and other documents at the heart of westbound legal systems today. (Bezuidenhoud, C., Ed, (2013), p. 127)BibliographyAssociated Press, (December 15, 2011), Is this the most ghoulish tourist attraction in the world? Gallows where 3500 were hanged declared a national, monument in South Africa, Daily berth. Bentham, Jeremy, (1988), The Principles of Morals and Legislation. Amherst Prometheus Books. Bezuidenhoud, C, Ed., (2013), A Southern African Perspective on Fundamental Criminology, Cape Town, HeinemanBotswana, (n.d.), In Wikitravel, Retrieved on February 17, 2014 from http//wikitravel.org/ Carlitz, A., (2013), Theoretical foundation of Sentencing, Bloemfontein Groenewald, Y., (March 3, 2009), Opposition slam s release of Schabir Shaik, Mail and Guardian. Groenewald, Y., (January 8, 2010), Schabir Shaiks Parole Paradise, Mail & Guardian Hedonism. (n.d.). In Merriam-Websters online dictionary (11th Ed.). Retrieved from http//www.mw.com/dictionary/hedonismp. Jackie Selebi (December 30, 2013), In Wikipedia The Free Encyclopaedia, Retrieved on 2014 February, 17 from http//en.wikipedia.org/Philips, A.R., (2014), Crime cause according to the Classical School, Bloemfontein. South African Constitution, (1996), Cape TownTony Yengeni, (n.d.), In Wikipedia The Free encyclopaedia, Retrieved on February 17, 2014 from http//en.wikipedia.org/Wiliams P.W. & McShane, M.D., (2014) Criminological Theories, 6th Ed, New Jersey Pearson apprentice Hall